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Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

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Pharmacology
The analgesic and antipyretic effects of acetaminophen are believed to be related to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase (a mechanism shared by ASA and related drugs). It is postulated that the analgesic effect is produced by elevation of the pain threshold and the antipyretic effect is produced through action on the hypothalamic heat-regulating centre.

Acetaminophen is considered equipotent to ASA in its analgesic and antipyretic effects and is unlikely to produce many of the side effects associated with ASA and ASA-containing products. Unlike these drugs, however, it has no anti-inflammatory effect at clincally relevant doses in humans.

Acetaminophen is metabolized in the liver. The major pathway involves glucuronyl transferase and the minor pathway involves the cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase system.

Indications
The Analgesic And Antipyretic Effects Of Acetaminophen Are Believed To Be Related To The Inhibition Of Prostaglandin Synthetase (a Mechanism Shared By ASA And Related Drugs). It Is Postulated That The Analgesic Effect Is Produced By Elevation Of The Pain Threshold And The Antipyretic Effect Is Produced Through Action On The Hypothalamic Heat-regulating Centre.

Acetaminophen Is Considered Equipotent To ASA In Its Analgesic And Antipyretic Effects And Is Unlikely To Produce Many Of The Side Effects Associated With ASA And ASA-containing Products. Unlike These Drugs, However, It Has No Anti-inflammatory Effect At Clincally Relevant Doses In Humans.

Acetaminophen Is Metabolized In The Liver. The Major Pathway Involves Glucuronyl Transferase And The Minor Pathway Involves The Cytochrome P450 Mixed Function Oxidase System.

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to acetaminophen.

Safety Information / Warning
Information not available

Precautions
As with any other nonprescription analgesic drug, physicians should be cognizant of and supervise the use of acetaminophen in patients with alcoholism, serious kidney or serious liver disease. Chronic heavy alcohol abusers may be at increased risk of liver toxicity from excessive doses of acetaminophen, although reports of this event are rare. Reports usually involve cases of severe chronic alcoholics and the dosages of acetaminophen most often exceed recommended doses and often involve substantial overdose. Physicians should alert their patients who regularly consume large amounts of alcohol not to exceed the recommended doses of acetaminophen.

Patients should be counseled to consult a physician if redness or swelling is present in an area of pain, if symptoms do not improve or if they worsen, or if new symptoms such as high fever, rash, itching or persistent headache occur, as these may be signs of a condition which requires medical attention.

Acetaminophen should not be taken for pain for more than 5days or for fever for more than 3days, unless directed by a physician.

Pregnancy and Lactation: As with any drug, patients who are pregnant or nursing a baby should consult a physician before taking this product.

Do not use with other products containing acetaminophen, salicylates or any other pain or fever medicine. Keep out of the reach of children.

Side Effects / Adverse Effects
The classic gastrointestinal irritation associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ASA does not occur with acetaminophen. Sensitivity reactions are rare and may manifest as rash or urticaria. Cross-reactivity in ASA-sensitive persons has been rarely reported. If sensitivity is suspected, discontinue use of the drug.

Patients who concomitantly medicate with warfarin-type anticoagulants and regular doses of acetaminophen have occasionally been reported to have unforeseen elevations in their INR. Physicians should be cognizant of this potential interaction and monitor the INR in such patients closely while therapy is established.

Overdose
Symptoms and Treatment: Acetaminophen: Typical Toxidrome: Significant overdoses of acetaminophen may result in potentially fatal hepatotoxicity. The physician should be mindful that there is no early presentation that is pathoneumonic for the overdose. A high degree of clinical suspicion must always be maintained.

Due to the wide availability of acetaminophen, it is commonly involved in single and mixed drug overdose situations and the practitioner should have a low threshold for screening for its presence in a patient's serum. Acute toxicity after single dose overdoses of acetaminophen can be anticipated when the overdose exceeds 150mg/kg. Chronic alcohol abusers, cachectic individuals, and persons taking pharmacologic inducers of the hepatic P450 microsomal enzyme system may be at risk with lower exposures.

There have been rare reports of chronic intoxication in persons consuming in excess of 150mg/kg of acetaminophen daily for several days.

Specific Antidote: NAC (N-acetylcysteine) administered by either the i.v. or the oral route is known to be a highly effective antidote for acetaminophen poisoning. It is most effective when administered within 8hours of a significant overdose but reports have indicated benefits to treatment initiated well beyond this time period. It is imperative to administer the antidote as early as possible in the time course of acute intoxication to reap the full benefits of the antidote's protective effects.

General Management: When the possibility of acetaminophen overdose exists, treatment should begin immediately and include appropriate decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract, proper supportive care, careful assessment of appropriately timed serum acetaminophen estimations evaluated against the Matthew-Rumack nomogram, timely administration of NAC as required and appropriate follow-up care.

Tylenol Arthritis Pain Extended Relief Caplets: The management of Tylenol Arthritis Pain acetaminophen overdose should generally follow the standard guidelines for the management of acetaminophen overdose. In addition, it is prudent to draw serum acetaminophen levels on these patients at 4and again at 8hours after the suspected time of ingestion and to assess the potential for hepatotoxicity at each time point using the 2-line Mathew-Rumack nomogram. The addition of the extra serum sampling event in such cases takes into account the delayed release characteristics of the product.

Physicians unfamiliar with the current management of acetaminophen overdose should consult with a Poison Control Centre immediately. Telephone numbers for local Poison Control Centres are available in the local phone directory. Delays in initiation of appropriate therapy may jeopardize the patient's chances for full recovery.

Recommended Dosage

Immediate Release: Adults and children over 12years of age: 650to 1000mg every 4to 6hours, as required, not to exceed 4000mg acetaminophen in 24hours. Doses may be administered with or without food.

Children: 10to 15mg/kg every 4to 6hours, as required, not to exceed 75mg/kg/24hours and never to exceed the maximum adult daily dose of 4000mg of acetaminophen. Alternatively, the following single doses (see TableI), may be given every 4to 6hours not to exceed 5doses in 24hours. Doses may be given with or without food (i.e., milk, formula, juices, etc.).

Tylenol Arthritis Pain Extended Relief Caplets: Adults and children over 12years of age: 2sustained release caplets (1300mg) every 8hours, not to exceed 6caplets (4000mg) in 24hours. Swallow each caplet whole with water on an empty stomach. Do not crush, chew or dissolve the caplet.

a. Consumer labelling for Infant's and Children's Tylenol acetaminophen does not offer dosing information for children less than 4months of age; therefore, this dose is provided as a guideline for professional recommendations to the consumer.Note: Data not available to define appropriate adjustments, if any, needed for the immediate neonatal period. Use of antipyretics in the immediate neonatal period is extremely limited.
b. Tylenol solid dosage forms may not be appropriate for children under 2years of age.

 


Supplied / Packaging
Caplets: 325mg: Each elongated, capsule-shaped white tablet, engraved “TYLENOL” one side and “325” on the other, contains: acetaminophen 325mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: cellulose, cornstarch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol and sodium starch glycolate. Energy: 0.7kJ (0.2kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.3mg). Gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of24†, 50†, 100† and 200‡.

500mg: Each elongated, capsule-shaped white tablet, engraved “TYLENOL” one side and “500” on the other, contains: acetaminophen 500mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: cellulose, cornstarch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol and sodium starch glycolate. Energy: 0.8kJ (0.2kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.4mg). Gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Vials of 10†, plastic bottles of24†, 50†, 100† and 150‡.

650mg: Each elongated, white extended release tablet, engraved “TYLENOL ER” on one side, contains: acetaminophen 650mg (325mg immediate release acetaminophen and 325mg delayed release acetaminophen in a slow dissolving matrix). Nonmedicinal ingredients: carnauba wax, cellulose, cornstarch, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, povidone, sodium starch glycolate, titanium dioxide and triacetin. Energy: 0.16kJ (0.69kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.27mg). Gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Bottles of 24†, 50† and 100‡.

Children's Soft Chews (bubble gum): Each round, pink tablet, engraved “TY80” contains: acetaminophen 80mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: aspartame, cellulose, cellulose acetate, citric acid, D&C Red No.7, flavoring, magnesium stearate, mannitol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine (aspartame). Energy: 4.12kJ (1kcal). Sodium: 0mmol (0mg). Gluten-, lactose-, sucrose-, sulfite- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of 24†.

Children's Soft Chews (fruit burst): Each round, pale pink tablet, engraved “TY80” contains: acetaminophen 80mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: aspartame, cellulose, cellulose acetate, citric acid, D&C Red No.7, flavoring, magnesium stearate, mannitol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine (aspartame). Energy: 4.12kJ (1kcal). Sodium: 0mmol (0mg). Gluten-, lactose-, sucrose-, sulfite- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of24†.

Children's Soft Chews (grape): Each round, purple tablet, engraved “TY80” contains: acetaminophen 80mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: aspartame, cellulose, cellulose acetate, citric acid, D&C Red No.7, D&C Red No. 30, FD&C Blue No. 1, flavoring, magnesium stearate, mannitol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine (aspartame). Energy: 4.12kJ (1kcal). Sodium: 0mmol (0mg). Gluten-, lactose-, sucrose-, sulfite- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of24†.

Children's Elixir: Each 5mL contains: acetaminophen 160mg in a cherry-flavored red vehicle. Nonmedicinal ingredients: benzoic acid, citric acid, D&C Red No. 33, FD&C Red No. 40, flavoring, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol and sucrose. Energy: 36.7kJ (8.8kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (1.2mg). Alcohol-, gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of100mL† and amber glass bottles of500mL (institutional use only).

Children's Suspension Liquid (bubble gum): Each 5mL contains: acetaminophen 160mg in a dark pink liquid vehicle with a bubble gum-flavored taste. Nonmedicinal ingredients: butylparaben, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, cellulose, citric acid, corn syrup, D&C Red No. 33, FD&C Red No. 40, flavoring, glycerin, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol and xanthan gum. Energy: 51kJ (12kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (1.6mg). Alcohol-, gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of 24†and 100mL†.

Children's Suspension Liquid (grape): Each 5mL contains: acetaminophen 160mg in a purple liquid vehicle with a grape-flavored taste. Nonmedicinal ingredients: butylparaben, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, cellulose, citric acid, corn syrup, D&C Red No.33, FD&C Blue No.1, flavoring, glycerin, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol and xanthan gum. Energy: 46kJ (11kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (1.6mg). Alcohol-, gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of 100mL†.

Gelcaps: Each solid capsule-shaped tablet, coated with red gelatin on one end and yellow on the other, printed “TYLENOL/500” on each gelatin-coated end, contains: acetaminophen 500mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: benzyl alcohol, castor oil, cellulose, cornstarch, D&C yellow No. 10, edetate calcium disodium, FD&C Blue No.1 and FD&C Blue No.2, FD&C Red No.40, gelatin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, parabens, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium propionate, sodium starch glycolate and titanium dioxide. Energy: 1kJ (0.2kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.42mg). Gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of24† and 50.

Infants' Suspension Drops (grape): Each mL contains: acetaminophen 80mg in a purple liquid vehicle with a grape-flavored taste. Nonmedicinal ingredients: butylparaben, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, cellulose, citric acid, corn syrup, D&C Red No.33, FD&C Blue No.1, flavoring, glycerin, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol and xanthan gum. Energy: 8.8kJ (2.1kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.3mg). Alcohol-, gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of 15mL†, 24mL† and 24mL† (institutional use only) with a calibrated dropper. Concentrated for dropper dosage only.

Infants' Suspension Drops (cherry): Each mL contains: acetaminophen 80mg in a red liquid vehicle with a cherry-flavored taste. Nonmedicinal ingredients: butylparaben, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, cellulose, citric acid, corn syrup, FD&C Red No.40, flavoring, glycerin, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium benzoate, sorbitol and xanthan gum. Energy: 12.9kJ (3.1kcal). Sodium: 0.04mmol (0.95mg). Alcohol-, gluten-, lactose-, sucrose-, sulfite- and tartrazine-free. Plastic bottles of 15mL† and 24mL† with a calibrated dropper. Concentrated for dropper dosage only.

Junior Strength Soft Chews (Bubblegum): Each round, pink, tablet with distinctive bubblegum odor, debossed with “TY” over “160” on one side and score bar on the other side, contains: acetaminophen 160mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: aspartame, cellulose, D&C Red No.7, ethylcellulose, flavor, magnesium stearate, mannitol and sodium starch glycolate. Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine (aspartame). Energy: 8.3kJ (2.0kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.6mg). Gluten-, lactose-, sulfite-, sucrose- and tartrazine-free. Bottles of 20† tablets.

Junior Strength Soft Chews (Grape): Each round, purple tablet with distinctive grape odor, debossed with “TY” over “160” on one side and score bar on the other side, contains: acetaminophen 160mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: aspartame, cellulose, cellulose acetate, citric acid, D&C Red No.7, D&C Red No. 30, FD&C Blue No. 1, flavor, magnesium stearate, mannitol, povidone and sodium starch glycolate. Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine (aspartame). Energy: 8.2kJ (2.0kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (2.7mg). Gluten-, lactose-, sulfite-, sucrose- and tartrazine-free. Bottles of 20† and 50† (for institutional use only) tablets.

Junior Strength Soft Chews (Fruit Burst): Each round, pink tablet with distinctive watermelon-strawberry odor, debossed with “TY” over “160” on one side and score bar on the other side, contains: acetaminophen 160mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: aspartame, cellulose, cellulose acetate, citric acid, D&C Red No.7, flavor, magnesium stearate, mannitol, povidone and sodium starch glycolate. Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine (aspartame). Energy: 8.2kJ (2.0kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (2.7mg). Gluten-, lactose-, sulfite-, sucrose- and tartrazine-free. Bottles of 20† tablets.

Tablets: 325mg: Each round, white tablet, engraved “TYLENOL” one side and “325” the other side, contains: acetaminophen 325mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: cellulose, cornstarch, magnesium stearate and sodium starch glycolate. Energy: 0.8kJ (0.2kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.1mg). Gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Vials of 12†, plastic bottles of24†, 50†, 100and 500 (institutional use only).

500mg: Each round, white tablet, engraved “TYLENOL” one side and “500” other side, contains: acetaminophen 500mg. Nonmedicinal ingredients: cellulose, cornstarch, magnesium stearate and sodium starch glycolate. Energy: 1.3kJ (0.3kcal). Sodium: <1mmol (0.1mg). Gluten-, lactose- and tartrazine-free. Vials of 10†, plastic bottles of30†, 50, 100†, 200 and 400.

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